- A.Two leadership paradigms — transactional (exchange-based: reward for performance) and transformational (inspiration and vision) — with different effects on engagement and innovation.
- B.Cameron & Quinn's Competing Values Framework — four culture types (Clan, Adhocracy, Market, Hierarchy) with different values, processes, and leadership styles. ✓
- C.Hersey & Blanchard's model: leadership style should adjust based on the follower's development level — directing, coaching, supporting, or delegating.
- D.Cameron & Quinn's Competing Values Framework — four culture types (Clan, Adhocracy, Market, Hierarchy) with different values, processes, and leadership styles.
Organizational Culture Types is cameron & Quinn's Competing Values Framework — four culture types (Clan, Adhocracy, Market, Hierarchy) with different values, processes, and leadership styles. The other options describe related but distinct concepts in Management & Organization — see the deep-dive guide for the full distinction.
How to think about questions like this
Strategy-culture mismatch undermines execution. Questions like this test whether you can distinguish Organizational Culture Types from neighboring concepts. The most common trap is choosing a closely-related concept that sounds similar but applies in a different context.
When you see a definition question on an exam, do two things: (1) translate the question into your own words, then (2) generate the answer in your own words before reading the options. This avoids the cognitive bias of recognizing a familiar phrase as correct just because it is familiar.